Umugabo wapfuye mu myaka isaga 700 ishize yatewe n’iki cyamuhinduye nk’uwagonzwe n’imodoka?

Abashakashatsi basanze amagufa y’umugabo wapfuye ahagana mu mwaka wa 1300 afite ibikomere byinshi bidasanzwe, bishobora kuba byaratewe n’igisasu cyarashwe n’intwaro yakoreshwaga mu kugota ibigo n’ibigo by’abami. Ibi byagaragaye mu bushakashatsi ku magufa yabonetse mu mwaka wa 1997, munsi y’urusengero rwo mu Kigo cy’Amateka cya Stirling Castle, muri Scotland. Abashakashatsi bavuga ko uburyo amagufa y’uyu mugabo yangiritse busa n’ubw’umuntu wagonzwe n’ikinyabiziga kigenda ku muvuduko mwinshi. Iyi nkuru iri mu zidasanzwe zasohotse mu kinyamakuru *Popular Science*, zigaragaza ibintu bitangaje byabaye mu mateka n’uburyo siyansi ikomeza gufasha abantu kubisobanukirwa. Amagufa yagaragaje ibikomere birenga 160 Mu mwaka wa 1997, abashakashatsi bavumbuye amagufa y’abantu icyenda mu gice cy’urusengero rwo muri Stirling Castle. Ibisubizo by’isesengura ry’imyaka y’ayo magufa byagaragaje ko abo bantu bashobora kuba barapfuye ahagana mu mwaka wa 1300. Igihe bavumburwaga cyatumye abashakashatsi bakeka ko bashobora kuba barapfuye mu gihe cy’intambara yo kugota icyo kigo, cyane cyane intambara yabaye mu mwaka wa 1304, igihe ingabo z’Umwami Edward wa Mbere w’u Bwongereza zagotaga Stirling. Amagufa menshi yari afite ibimenyetso by’ibikomere byashoboraga guterwa n’intambara, birimo gukomereka ku nkota no gukubitwa n’ibintu bikomeye. Ariko amagufa yahawe nimero ya 150 yari afite ibikomere bidasanzwe. Yagaragaje imvune zirenga 160. Igihanga cy’uyu mugabo cyari cyacitsemo ibice 61, amagufwa y’ikirenge cyo hejuru yari yarangiritse cyane, mu gihe imbavu n’igitugu na byo byari bifite ibice byacitse mu buryo budasanzwe. Abashakashatsi bashatse kumenya icyaba cyaratumye umubiri we wangirika ku rwego rungana rutyo. Ese yaba yaragonzwe n’igisasu cy’intambara? Abashakashatsi bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu gusuzuma amagufa, banagereranya ibikomere bye n’ibishobora guterwa no kugwa ahantu harehare, gukandagirwa n’ifarashi cyangwa izindi mpanuka. Ibyo basuzumye ntibyatanze ibisubizo bihagije bisobanura uko amagufa yangiritse. Ahubwo, uburyo amagufa yacitse bwagaragaje ishusho isa n’ibikomere by’umuntu wagonzwe n’imodoka cyangwa gari ya moshi igenda ku muvuduko mwinshi. Icyakora, mu mwaka wa 1300 nta modoka cyangwa gari ya moshi byari bihari. Abashakashatsi rero berekeje ibitekerezo ku ntwaro zakoreshejwe mu ntambara zo kugota ibigo. Batekereza ko uyu mugabo ashobora kuba yarakubiswe n’igisasu cyarashwe n’intwaro nini yitwaga trebuchet, yakoreshwaga mu kurasa amabuye manini cyangwa ibindi bisasu ku nkuta z’ibigo byari bigoswe. Iyo ntwaro yashoboraga kurasa igisasu gifite uburemere bwinshi ku muvuduko ukomeye, kigasenya inkuta cyangwa kigakomeretsa abantu bari hafi y’aho cyaguye. War Wolf: Intwaro yatinyishije abarinzi ba Stirling Castle Mu ntwaro zavuzwe muri iyo ntambara harimo *War Wolf*, imwe mu ntwaro nini zo mu bwoko bwa trebuchet zizwi mu mateka. Bivugwa ko yubatswe kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu kugota Stirling Castle. Inkuru z’amateka zivuga ko igihe abayoboraga icyo kigo babonaga iyo ntwaro, bagerageje kwemera kwishyira mu maboko y’ingabo z’u Bwongereza. Ariko Umwami Edward wa Mbere yanze kwakira uko kwishyira mu maboko ako kanya, ahitamo kubanza kwerekana imbaraga z’iyo ntwaro. Icyo gisasu cyaje gukubita urukuta rw’inyuma rw’icyo kigo, kirarusenya. Nubwo byashoboka ko intwaro nk’iyo yari ishobora gutera ibikomere nk’ibyagaragaye kuri ayo magufa, abashakashatsi bakeka ko uyu mugabo atishwe na War Wolf ubwayo. Impamvu ni uko iyo ntwaro yaba yarakoreshejwe mu mpera z’igota ry’icyo kigo, mu gihe amagufa y’uyu mugabo n’igihe yapfiriye bigaragaza ko ashobora kuba yarapfuye mbere y’uko intambara irangira. Bityo, birashoboka ko yakubiswe n’igisasu cyarashwe n’indi ntwaro ntoya yakoreshejwe mbere y’uko War Wolf itangira kurasa. Ese ubu bushakashatsi bwamaze kwemezwa? Nubwo ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bitanga ibisobanuro bishishikaje, hari ikintu cy’ingenzi kigomba kwitabwaho. Nk’uko Popular Science ibivuga, ubushakashatsi bwavuzwe muri iyi nkuru bwari bwatanzwe mu nama y’abashakashatsi, ariko bwari butaremezwa burundu binyuze mu isuzuma ryigenga ry’impuguke mbere yo gutangazwa mu kinyamakuru cya siyansi. Niba ibisubizo byabwo bizemezwa nyuma y’isuzuma ryimbitse, aya magufa ashobora kuba urugero rwa mbere rw’umuntu wemejwe n’ibimenyetso by’amagufa ko yaba yarishwe n’igisasu cya trebuchet. Icyakora, kugeza ubu, igitekerezo cy’uko ari yo ntwaro yamwishe kiracyari igitekerezo gishingiye ku bimenyetso, aho kuba umwanzuro wa nyuma wemejwe. Honoré de Balzac: Umwanditsi wakundaga ikawa mu buryo budasanzwe Indi nkuru idasanzwe yagarutsweho na Popular Science ni iy’umwanditsi w’Umufaransa Honoré de Balzac, wamamaye mu kinyejana cya 19. Balzac yari azwiho kumara amasaha menshi yandika, rimwe na rimwe agakorera hagati y’amasaha 14 na 18 ku munsi. Ikawa ikomeye ni kimwe mu bintu bivugwa ko yakoreshaga kugira ngo akomeze gukora. Hari inkuru zivuga ko yashoboraga kunywa ibikombe bigera kuri 50 ku munsi, nubwo abashakashatsi batashoboye kubona inyandiko z’ibanze zemeza neza uwo mubare. Ibindi bipimo bishyira uwo mubare ku bikombe hafi 20 ku munsi. Inkuru irushaho gutangaza ni uko Balzac ubwe yanditse ku kamaro n’ingaruka z’ikawa, ndetse akavuga ko hari igihe yaryaga ikawa mbisi yasye aho kuyinywa nk’ikinyobwa gisanzwe. Gusa, umubare nyawo w’ibikombe yanywaga nturamenyekana neza. Kunywa ikawa nyinshi cyane bishobora gutuma umuntu afata kafeyine irenze urugero rwemewe, bigatera ibibazo birimo kudasinzira, guhagarika umutima no kwihuta k’umutima. Balzac yapfuye afite imyaka 51, ariko nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza ko akamenyero ke ko kunywa ikawa ari ko kamuteye urupfu. “Caroll Spinney, wakinishaga Big Bird kuva mu 1969, bivugwa ko yigeze kwakira ibaruwa ya NASA imubaza niba yakwemera kujya mu isanzure yambaye imyambaro y’icyo kigirwamuntu. Icyakora, imyambaro ya Big Bird ipima hafi ibiro 9 kandi ifite uburebure burenga metero 2.4, ibintu byari gutuma kuyijyana mu cyogajuru bigorana.” Mu zindi nkuru zitangaje, NASA yigeze gutekereza kohereza Big Bird, ikigirwamuntu kinini kizwi muri porogaramu y’abana ya *Sesame Street*, mu isanzure. Mu myaka ya za 1980, NASA yashakaga kongera gushishikaza abaturage ku ngendo zo mu isanzure, itegura gahunda yo kohereza abantu batari abahanga mu isanzure mu ngendo z’icyogajuru. Muri abo batekerezwagaho harimo abarimu, abanyamakuru n’abandi bantu bazwi bashoboraga gusangiza rubanda ibyo babonye mu isanzure. Caroll Spinney, wakinishaga Big Bird kuva mu 1969, bivugwa ko yigeze kwakira ibaruwa ya NASA imubaza niba yakwemera kujya mu isanzure yambaye imyambaro y’icyo kigirwamuntu. Ariko hari ikibazo gikomeye: imyambaro ya Big Bird ipima hafi ibiro icyenda kandi ifite uburebure burenga metero ebyiri n’igice. Ibyo byari gutuma kuyijyana mu cyogajuru no kuyikoresha mu buryo bwizewe bigorana. Byaje kurangira NASA idakomeje icyo gitekerezo. Ahubwo yibanze kuri gahunda yo kohereza abarimu mu isanzure, maze Christa McAuliffe atoranywa nk’umwarimu wa mbere wagombaga kwitabira iyo gahunda. Ku wa 28 Mutarama 1986, icyogajuru *Challenger* cyaturitse nyuma y’amasegonda 73 gusa kivuye ku butaka, gihitana McAuliffe n’abandi bakozi batandatu bari kumwe na we. Ibyo byabaye imwe mu mpanuka zikomeye mu mateka y’ingendo zo mu isanzure. Siyansi ikomeza gutangaza isi Izi nkuru eshatu zigaragaza uburyo ubushakashatsi bushobora guhuza amateka, ikoranabuhanga n’ibintu abantu batari biteze. Amagufa y’umugabo wapfuye mu myaka isaga 700 ishize ashobora gufasha gusobanukirwa imbaraga z’intwaro zakoreshwaga mu ntambara zo mu gihe cyo hagati. Inkuru ya Balzac yibutsa abantu ko akamenyero kabo ka buri munsi gashobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima, mu gihe inkuru ya Big Bird igaragaza uburyo gahunda zo mu isanzure zigeze gutekerezwaho mu buryo butangaje. Icy’ingenzi ni uko ibyo abashakashatsi bavumbura bitajya bihita bihinduka ukuri kwemejwe burundu. Bimwe bisaba ibindi bimenyetso n’ubushakashatsi bwimbitse mbere yo gufatwa nk’imyanzuro ya nyuma.